Similar generic Angolas were provided to the British, French, and Dutch via the African commerce networks that converged on the Loango coast. Their cargoes were as diverse as the Central Africans in Southern Brazil, with a bigger proportion of Congolese …

During the 19th century, traders from the United States, Portugal, and Spain focused their operations in Cuba on the Zaire River’s mouth to the north after 1810. The trade’s severity increased when people from the central and northern tropical woods …

The initial Central Africans brought to Rio de Janeiro in the latter part of the 17th century originated from the communities residing on the western hillsides south of the Kwanza River. They saw themselves as somewhat different from the Luandas …

Along their torturous journey toward the shore, Central Africans would have acquired new social identities beyond these local, and already multiple, ones. Having been yoked together in slave coffles with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, they must have …

Almost every Central African who became a slave in the Americas originated from an agricultural family. In particular, the broad linguistic similarities that people who spoke with one another on a daily basis used to express the easy familiarity of …